What Is Bulk Modulus Definition, Formulas, Examples

The bulk modulus is a constant the describes how resistant a substance is to compression. It is defined as the ratio between pressure increase and the resulting decrease in a materials volume. Together with Youngs modulus, the shear modulus, and Hookes law, the bulk modulus describes a materials response to stress or strain. Usually, bulk modulus is indicated by K or B in equations and tables. While it applies to uniform compression of any substance, it is most often used to describe the behavior of fluids. It can be used to predict compression, calculate density, and indirectly indicate the types of chemical bonding within a substance. The bulk modulus is considered a descriptor of elastic properties because a compressed material returns to its original volume once the pressure is released. The units for the bulk modulus are Pascals (Pa) or newtons per square meter (N/m2) in the metric system, or pounds per square inch (PSI) in the English system. Table of Fluid Bulk Modulus (K) Values There are bulk modulus values for solids (e.g., 160 GPa for steel; 443 GPa for diamond; 50 MPa for solid helium) and gases (e.g., 101 kPa for air at constant temperature), but the most common tables list values for liquids. Here are representative values, in both English and metric units: English Units(105 PSI) SI Units(109 Pa) Acetone 1.34 0.92 Benzene 1.5 1.05 Carbon Tetrachloride 1.91 1.32 Ethyl Alcohol 1.54 1.06 Gasoline 1.9 1.3 Glycerin 6.31 4.35 ISO 32 Mineral Oil 2.6 1.8 Kerosene 1.9 1.3 Mercury 41.4 28.5 Paraffin Oil 2.41 1.66 Petrol 1.55 - 2.16 1.07 - 1.49 Phosphate Ester 4.4 3 SAE 30 Oil 2.2 1.5 Seawater 3.39 2.34 Sulfuric Acid 4.3 3.0 Water 3.12 2.15 Water - Glycol 5 3.4 Water - Oil Emulsion 3.3 2.3 The K value varies, depending on the state of matter of a sample, and in some cases, on the temperature. In liquids, the amount of dissolved gas greatly impacts the value. A high value of K indicates a material resists compression, while a low value indicates volume appreciably  decreases under uniform pressure. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is compressibility, so a substance with a low bulk modulus has high compressibility. Upon reviewing the table, you can see the liquid metal mercury is very nearly incompressible. This reflects the large atomic radius of mercury atoms compared with atoms in organic compounds and also the packing of the atoms. Because of hydrogen bonding, water also resists compression. Bulk Modulus Formulas The bulk modulus of a material may be measured by powder diffraction, using x-rays, neutrons, or electrons targeting a powdered or microcrystalline sample. It may be calculated using the formula: Bulk Modulus (K) Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain This is the same as saying it equals the change in pressure divided by the change in volume divided by initial volume: Bulk Modulus (K) (p1 - p0) / [(V1 - V0) / V0] Here,  p0 and V0 are the initial pressure and volume, respectively, and p1 and V1 are the pressure and volume measured upon compression. Bulk modulus elasticity may also be expressed in terms of pressure and density: K (p1 - p0) / [(Ï 1 - Ï 0) / Ï 0] Here, Ï 0 and Ï 1 are the initial and final density values. Example Calculation The bulk modulus may be used to calculate hydrostatic pressure and density of a liquid. For example, consider seawater in the deepest point of the ocean, the Mariana Trench. The base of the trench is 10994 m below sea level. The hydrostatic pressure in the Mariana Trench may be calculated as: p1 Ï *g*h Where p1 is the pressure, Ï  is the density of seawater at sea level, g is the acceleration of gravity, and h is the height (or depth) of the water column. p1 (1022 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(10994 m) p1 110 x 106 Pa or 110 MPa Knowing the pressure at sea level is 105 Pa, the density of the water at the bottom of the trench may be calculated: Ï 1 [(p1 - p)Ï  K*Ï ) / K Ï 1 [[(110 x 106 Pa) - (1 x 105 Pa)](1022 kg/m3)] (2.34 x 109 Pa)(1022 kg/m3)/(2.34 x 109 Pa) Ï 1 1070 kg/m3 What can you see from this? Despite the immense pressure on water at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, it isnt compressed very much! Sources De Jong, Maarten; Chen, Wei (2015). Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds. Scientific Data. 2: 150009. doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.9Gilman, J.J. (1969).  Micromechanics of Flow in Solids. New York: McGraw-Hill.Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics  (8th edition). ISBN 0-471-41526-X.Thomas, Courtney H. (2013). Mechanical Behavior of Materials (2nd edition). New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education (India). ISBN 1259027511.

Creative Writing An Experience between Mother and Son

Running through the hospitals long white halls, he thought that his mom was going to die. The paramedics were right in front of him, but it felt as if they were a thousand miles away. Reaching his hand out, he began to holler: PLEASE STOP! PLEASE!, the words brittled from his mouth. He fell onto his knees, in front of him the white floor had droplets of blood that was coming out of his mother. Time passes, the boy laying on the floor, motionless, Just looking at the flickering light above. I’ve found the boy, over. Bring him to O.R. #3. Gotcha. The nurse stopped and felt sympathy for the boy, he is lying on the ground just waiting. No child should go through this. The nurse said to herself. The nurse continued to walk, she as the boy lies on the ground; Hey buddy. How’s it going?. There was no answer from the boy. Lying down the cold floor was an indescribable pain. Come with me, okay? Reaching out her hand the boy responded by grabbing it. He looked up at the nurse, tears running down his face. The nurse did not want to show fear--but before looking for the boy, the nurse saw how severe the mother was. It was past twelve now, everything in the hospital is empty. Walking through the halls the boy saw how much pain and death there was in each room; unable to watch the pain he began to run. He ran down the hall as fast as he can, in his sight was an elevator. The sounds of coughing, vomiting, crying and yelling were just too much. The boy arrives to the elevator, theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Carte Blanche Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesall elements I considered when drafting ‘Time to let go.’ This narrative is not a direct recollection of my personal experience. But, interprets a devastating chain of events that happened to my son’s friend, and the effect this tragic accident had on a mother. I wanted to tell this story with as much sentiment and compassion as possible. 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Voices free essay sample

Yossarian desperately screams to Aarfy mid-flight commands, hell bent on survival. Yet, every response is the unwavering and infuriating â€Å"What? I can’t hear you.† A peculiar experience occurs every time I pore over the words of those moments. The Yossarian shouting for sacred life transforms, morphing into a familiar someone, me. Every word, every emotion, every thought is mine. I am the one screaming at Aarfy to listen to me, pleading, groveling, begging for sanctuary amidst the veritable storm of a plane careening to a fiery death. I am the one plunging to imminent obliteration, wishing only for someone to listen, to simply acknowledge my voice. I’ve never been in a plane, but that feeling, that horrendous, indignant anger is identical. No other event, save for one, has ever mirrored that feeling so closely, and I abhor that feeling. In the novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, a story following WWII Air Force pilots stationed near Italy, Yossarian, the protago nist, is determined to stay alive. We will write a custom essay sample on Voices or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pivotal character of Yossarian deeply influenced my life’s attitude. In particular, the aforementioned interactions with Aarfy, a plane crewmate who pretends that he can’t hear Yossarian during life-threatening bombing runs. Yossarian and I possess some vast differences, most notably that I’m not as cavalier with women (nor as successful), and I’m definitely not a pilot in the army. I also don’t have a deceased comrade’s lover stalking me with intent to kill. However, Yossarian’s repeated airplane plights with Aarfy struck a chord so deep within it resonated through every crevice in my body, empathy so primal I nearly crushed the book in my fingers. This empathy stems from a pivotal moment during my sophomore year. â€Å"Why won’t you listen to me?!† I shrieked, slamming my fists into the table. Heat emanated off my cheeks, and I panted heavily through clenched teeth. Furrows riddled my forehead, and I frantically sh ifted my eyes back and forth at my peers. They stared at me coldly, some with hanging jaws, but all with bewildered faces. Slowly, my fists unclenched themselves, and I slinked back into my chair, head hanging in quiet solitude. Class resumed awkwardly, and the game continued on, as if I had never screamed. â€Å"Next time, they’ll listen,† I muttered under my breath, and my eyes flicked back up to the teacher. The aforementioned English class outburst stands out in my mind as my first realization of my abhorrence towards ignorance. The occasion was a simple game, a basic class-building exercise for a little extra credit. As fate would have it, I played this exact game a year previous. Consequently, I knew the rules and I knew the winning strategy. Unfortunately, no one seemed to care, and slowly as they ignored my comments and suggestions I grew more and more irritated, more and more disillusioned with those around me, eventually culminating in my overemotional outbur st. That moment reflected that same anger I experienced when reading through Yossarian’s situations with Aarfy. It was through the parallels between my experiences and Yossarian’s that I looked to his actions to guide my own. At the end of the novel, his commanding officers, due to the trouble Yossarian has caused them with his rebellious attitude, offered him indefinite leave in exchange for embracing them as friends and upholding what he regards as twisted ideals. He vehemently rejects it, deserting the tangled heap of bureaucratic idiocy and flees to tie up his own affairs. Yossarian’s embrace of free will triggered an epiphany, that I, and only I, can make my voice heard.

Reading Habits Questionnaire free essay sample

Yes ii. No 2. If so, how often do you read news paper in a week? i. 1 ii. 2-3 iii. 4-5 iv. 6-7 3. If not, why don’t you read newspaper? i. Because of internet ii. Because of TV iii. Because of radio iv. Please specify the other reason 4. Which newspaper do you read? i. English ii. Hindi iii. Punjabi iv. Please specify the other 5. In average how many minutes do you read newspapers per day? i. 0-10 ii. 10-30 iii. 30-60 6. Where do you read your newspaper? . Home ii. Office 7. What is the most important criteria when you choose newspaper? 8. Which part in the newspaper is the one you like the most? i. News ii. Sports iii. Entertainment iv. Business v. Please specify the other reason 9. Which part in do you dislike? i. News ii. Sports iii. Entertainment iv. Business v. Please specify the other reason 10. How many daily newspapers do you subscribe in your household? i. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Habits Questionnaire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One ii. Two iii. Three or more 11. Do you get the desired information in the newspaper? . Yes ii. No 12. Do you understand the vocabulary contained in the newspaper? i. Yes ii. No 13. With the internet being widely used, will you read less newspaper than before? i. Yes ii. No 14. Why do you choose newspaper rather than other media? i. Informative ii. Better at improving language skills iii. Reliable iv. Please specify other reason 15. Do you feel confident with the future of the newspaper industry with the rapid increase in the usage of internet? i. Yes ii. No

A Quick Introduction to Homeschooling

A Quick Introduction to Homeschooling Homeschooling is a type of education where children learn outside of a school setting under the supervision of their parents. The family determines what is to be learned and how it is to be taught while following whatever government regulations apply in that state or country. Today, homeschooling is a widely accepted educational alternative to traditional public or private schools, as well as a valuable method of learning in its own right. Homeschooling in America The roots of todays homeschooling movement go way back in American history. Up until the first compulsory education laws about 150 years ago, most children were taught at home. Wealthier families hired private tutors. Parents also taught their own children using books like the McGuffey Reader  or sent their children to a dame school where small groups of children were taught be a neighbor in exchange for chores. Famous homeschoolers from history include President John Adams, author Louisa May Alcott, and inventor Thomas Edison. Today, homeschooling parents have a wide range of curriculum, distance learning programs, and other educational resources to choose from. The movement also includes child-directed learning or unschooling, the philosophy made popular starting in the 1960s by education expert  John Holt. Who Homeschools and Why Its believed that between one to two percent of all school-age children are homeschooled -   although the statistics that exist on homeschooling in the United States are notoriously unreliable. Some of the reasons parents give for homeschooling include concern about safety, religious preference, and educational benefits. For many families, homeschooling is also a reflection of the importance they place on being together and a way to offset some of the pressures - in and out of school - to consume, acquire, and conform. In addition, families homeschool: to fit into parents work schedulesto travelto accommodate special needs and learning disabilitiesto provide gifted kids with more challenging material or allow them to work at a faster pace. Homeschooling Requirements in the U.S. Homeschooling comes under the authority of individual states, and each state has different requirements. In some parts of the country, all parents need to do is notify the school district that they are educating their children themselves. Other states require parents to submit lesson plans for approval, send in regular reports, prepare a portfolio for the district or peer review, allow home visits by district employees and have their children take standardized tests. Most states allow any competent parent or adult to homeschool a child, but a few demand a  teaching certification. For new homeschoolers, the important thing to know is that regardless of the local requirements, families have been able to work within them to achieve their own goals. Educational Styles One of homeschoolings advantages is that it is adaptable to many styles of teaching and learning. Some of the important ways in which homeschooling methods differ include: How much structure is preferred. There are homeschoolers who set up their environment like a classroom, right down to separate desks, textbooks, and a blackboard. Other families rarely or never do formal lessons, but dive into research materials, community resources and opportunities for hands-on exploration whenever a new topic catches someones interest. In between are homeschoolers who place varying amounts of importance on daily sit-down desk work, grades, tests, and covering topics in a particular order or time frame.What materials are used. Homeschoolers have the option to use an all-in-one curriculum, buy individual texts and workbooks from one or more publishers, or use picture books, nonfiction, and reference volumes instead. Most families also supplement whatever they use with alternative resources such as novels, videos, music, theater, art, and more.How much teaching is done by the parent. Parents can and do take on all the responsibility for teaching themselves. But other s choose to share teaching duties with other homeschooling families or pass it along to other educators. These can include distance learning (whether by mail, phone, or online), tutors and tutoring centers, as well as all the enrichment activities available to all children in the community, from sports teams to arts centers. Some private schools have also begun opening up their doors to part-time students. What About Public School at Home? Technically, homeschooling does not include the ever-increasing variations of public schooling that take place outside of school buildings. These can include online charter schools, independent study programs, and part-time or blended schools. To the parent and child at home, these may feel very similar to homeschooling. The difference is that public-school-at-home students are still under the authority of the school district, which determines what they must learn and when. Some homeschoolers feel these programs are missing the main ingredient that makes education at home work for them the freedom to change things as needed. Others find them a helpful way to allow their children to learn at home while still meeting the requirements of the school system. More Homeschooling Basics Homeschooling FAQWhat Homeschooling Really Looks Like5 Quick-Start Tips10 Positive Reasons to Homeschool

Half Price Books Summer Reading Program for Kids

Half Price Books Summer Reading Program for Kids Updated for the Half Price Books 2019 Summer Reading Program The Half Price Books summer reading program for kids gives out free Half Price Books gift cards to kids who read for at least 300 minutes during the months of June and July. This program is available  to kids preschool through middle school. The Half Price Books summer reading program for 2019 is called Feed Your Brain Summer Reading Program and it runs from June 1 to July 31, 2019. Looking for more summer reading programs that will score your kids some freebies? Check out my list of the best summer reading program freebies  where you can get free stuff from Barnes and Noble  and more. Rewards Available From the Half Price Books Summer Reading Program If a child reads at least 300 minutes during June and July they can submit their reading log to get $5 worth of HPB Bookworm Bucks for each month. These can be applied to a pre-tax amount of a single transaction. How to Get Free Gift Cards From the Half Price Books Summer Reading Program Visit the Feed Your Brain Summer Reading Program website, and download the Feed Your Brain Reading Log. Theyll need two logs, one for June and one for July. Each day your child reads during June and July have them write the number of minutes theyve read on that day on the calendar. The goal is to read at least 15 minutes each day of the week. At the end of each week, kids can add up their weeks total minutes and have a grown-up initial it. Total minutes for the month can be added up at the bottom of the calendar. After the child has read at least 300 minutes, fill out their name, age, and total minutes, as well as your name, email, and location information. Cut out the completed part of the form and bring it to your local Half Price Books to get your reward. The reading logs are due no later than August 29, 2019. Encouraging Your Child Through the Half Price Books Summer Reading Program When your kids are finished with a week, a month, or the whole program, you can fill out a Half Price Books Feed Your Brain Reading Award to keep them encouraged about their progress.   If you want to make some suggestions on what your child reads this summer, Half Price Books has put together a list of staff picks by grade level, best alphabet books, 40 books every child should read, and 21 books to start babys library. Limits to Be Aware Of The reading program is for kids 14 years of age or younger, in 8th grade or under. Theres a limit of one reading log per month, for each child. The HPB Bookworm Bucks expire August 31, 2019.

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology - Essay Example Each of these topics is discussed in the report as follows. 1. Central Jersey Blood Center: With a vision to provide supply of blood to people in need, the Central Jersey Blood Center has three centers in New Jersey for the donation of blood. The blood that is collected through these centers is primarily meant for use in the area hospitals. The blood donated can be of use to the premature babies, victims of burns, cancer patients, patients suffering from heart diseases, and any other patient who would be in the need of blood. Some of the hospitals whom the Central Jersey Blood Center provides with blood supply are Bayshore Community Hospital in Holmdel, Ocean Medical Center in Brick, Kimball Medical Center in Lakewood, among others (Central New Jersey’s blood center: Three blood donor centers and blood drives save lives). Thus the Central Jersey Blood Center can be understood to perform a significant role through their collection and supply of blood to the needy patients in th e hospitals in the area. 2. HIV and AIDS: AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. An infection caused by the virus later develops in to the syndrome. An individual infected with the virus is referred to as HIV positive. Although symptoms might not be visible even if the infection has occurred, treatment is necessary. If treatment is not considered timely, the infection might result in AIDS. The disease affects the immune system of a body. The immune system of the infected individual fails and the count of cells becomes lesser than that of a normal human being. AIDS may not kill a person. However, a person having AIDS may suffer from other diseases and death might occur as a result of the person not being able to fight the disease (Stolley, Kathy S. & John E. Glass, 3-5). Thus AIDS caused by HIV can be understood to be a syndrome that completely destroys the immune system of the human body. 3. St. Francis Counseling Center on Abusive Relationships: St. Francis Psychotherapy and Counseling Center is a center for counseling that deals with providing solutions to relationships involving troubles, or when abusive behavior tends to impact the people who are bonded in a relationship or a family. This might even include child abuses. This counseling center provides counseling measures irrespective of the background of the family or of the individuals who come for help. The center makes use of different therapies for their psychotherapy and counseling techniques. Such therapies include understanding what the problem is and what causes a relation to involve abusive attitude in it. Depending on such counseling and understanding of the nature of the problem, further therapies and problem solution measures are applied by the center to improve the relationship (St. Francis Psychotherapy and Counseling Center). Thus St. Francis Psychotherapy and Counseling Center can be understood to be an efficient center of counseli ng benefiting several families and relationships suffering from abusive behavior and leading to improvement. 4. Family Planning Services and Features: The Family Planning Center of Ocean County provides with the reproductive health care facilities for women and teenagers (About Us). This center also helps college students through several educational services. They intend to create awareness among the teenagers and the college students and thus provide with teachings on various issues related to the reproductive systems. The different topics on which the center provides educational services thus helping the college students as well, include abstinence, contraception and the associated risks and benefits, sexually transmitted infections, HIV and the risks

Nursing Theorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theorists - Essay Example Through nursing theories, people are able to develop, describe, disseminate and apply the present knowledge in nursing. The role of nursing theories is that they offer a framework through which nurses are able to systematize their practice of nursing (Tomey, 2002). Besides, nursing theories allow the validation and development of current nursing knowledge. Over the years, there have been various figureheads who have advanced their theories concerning nursing, and these are applicable even today. They include; Dorothea Orem, Ida Jean Orlando, Callista Roy, Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, Hildegard Peplau, Margaret Newman, Jean Watson, just to name a few (Tomey, 2002). Of all the famous nursing theorists in history, Florence Nightingale’s philosophy appeals to me most and closely aligns with mine. Florence Nightingale Biography Florence Nightingale was born on the 12th of May, 1820 in Florence, Italy and died in London, England, on the 13th of August, 1910. She was the founder of modern nursing and her works contributed to noteworthy improvement in the public health sector. Hailing from a wealthy family, Florence led the high social life that her family had introduced her to. Even though she was tempted by the bliss of high social lifestyles, Nightingale wanted to be independent and active in some activity, while being a God fearing lady (Mark, 2008).

Cultural differences and similarities between Russia and Tunisia Essay Example for Free

Cultural differences and similarities between Russia and Tunisia Essay The countries of Tunisia and Russia are two very different nations with two very different peoples. Though the countries do share certain similarities, the culture there and the cultural specifics of the people in the two nations are quite different. The main differences between the two nations come as a result of lifestyle and religion, which trickle down to impact the rest of the culture in the countries. Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, but it is different from many of the African nations that surround it. The culture there is dominated by religion, as it is a highly Muslim country. The majority of the people not only follow the religion, but closely adhere to the cultural conditions that the religion mandates. There is little room in the nation for people who are different, as homosexuality is considered a crime and women are discouraged from wearing anything other than extremely conservative clothing. This is, in short, the Tunisian way and it must be adhered to by residents and visitors alike. The cuisine there is highly based upon the religion, as a lot of Arab food is present. It all conforms to the Muslim standards. In Russia, there is an emphasis on religion, but because the nation is so large, the people are not controlled by only one religion. In fact, many different religions permeate the population and most co-exist peacefully. One can draw some similarities between the two cultures in at least one regard. Art is very important to the people of Russia, just as it is to Tunisians. In Tunisia, one can find many different art museums and festivals. This can happen in Russia, as well, as there are some of the finest art displays in the entire world there. All in all, this is one of the strongest similarities for two nations that are separated by a strict religious difference barrier.

Nathaniel Hawthorne: No Ordinary Author Essay -- Biography Biographies

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic Period served as a breeding ground for some of America's most extraordinary authors.   Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Ralph Waldo Emerson are just some of the names that graced this Golden Era of American literature.   Great as they were, these men still lacked a significant amount of originality.   Relating their themes and structures results in little to no variation.   One author, though born into the era of Romanticism dared to expand the possibilities nineteenth - century literature had to offer.   Through works such as "Young Goodman Brown," "The Minister's Black Veil," and "The Birthmark," Nathaniel Hawthorne incorporated Romanticism into his own style.   Including ordinary men, such as Mr. Hooper, Goodman Brown, and Aylmer helped to classify Hawthorne as a semi-Romantic author.   Other Romantic characteristics were found in his stories as well.   Symbolism, man's connection to nature, and t he supernatural are all also present in most of his tales.   But, most importantly, Hawthorne was remembered for breaking the rules and adding his own touch.   He told allegories and parables concerned about his concept of the "unpardonable sin," always including the character's trials from obsession to alienation to finally a loss of soul.   Careful review of his work probes the fact that fitting into a dictating society is not only boring but dangerously ordinary.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's stories, like many Romantic stories, the characters are ordinary people with superstitious beliefs.   In "Young Goodman Brown," Goodman Brown is an everyday Salem citizen.   He faces many of the problems tackled by other New England Puritans.   He has a lapse in faith and is ... ...he rules is the best thing to do.   After all, no one remembers ordinary people.    Works Cited Bruckner, Sally. "The Scarlet Letter." Masterplots. Vol 10. Ed.    Frank N. Magill. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1966. 5849-51. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   "The Birthmark."   Hawthorne's Short Stories.   Ed.   Newton Arvin.   New York: Alfred A. Knoph,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1959.   177-93. ---.   "The Minister's Black Veil."   Adventures in American Literature.   Chicago:   Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989.   256-63. ---.   "Young Goodman Brown."   The Complete Novels and Selected   Ã‚   Tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne.   Ed.   Norman Holmes Pearson.      New York: Random House, Inc., 1937.   1033-42. Winters, Yvor. "Maule's Curse, or Hawthorne and the Problem of   Ã‚   Allegory." Hawthorne. Ed. A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, New    Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 11-24.    Nathaniel Hawthorne: No Ordinary Author Essay -- Biography Biographies   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic Period served as a breeding ground for some of America's most extraordinary authors.   Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Ralph Waldo Emerson are just some of the names that graced this Golden Era of American literature.   Great as they were, these men still lacked a significant amount of originality.   Relating their themes and structures results in little to no variation.   One author, though born into the era of Romanticism dared to expand the possibilities nineteenth - century literature had to offer.   Through works such as "Young Goodman Brown," "The Minister's Black Veil," and "The Birthmark," Nathaniel Hawthorne incorporated Romanticism into his own style.   Including ordinary men, such as Mr. Hooper, Goodman Brown, and Aylmer helped to classify Hawthorne as a semi-Romantic author.   Other Romantic characteristics were found in his stories as well.   Symbolism, man's connection to nature, and t he supernatural are all also present in most of his tales.   But, most importantly, Hawthorne was remembered for breaking the rules and adding his own touch.   He told allegories and parables concerned about his concept of the "unpardonable sin," always including the character's trials from obsession to alienation to finally a loss of soul.   Careful review of his work probes the fact that fitting into a dictating society is not only boring but dangerously ordinary.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's stories, like many Romantic stories, the characters are ordinary people with superstitious beliefs.   In "Young Goodman Brown," Goodman Brown is an everyday Salem citizen.   He faces many of the problems tackled by other New England Puritans.   He has a lapse in faith and is ... ...he rules is the best thing to do.   After all, no one remembers ordinary people.    Works Cited Bruckner, Sally. "The Scarlet Letter." Masterplots. Vol 10. Ed.    Frank N. Magill. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1966. 5849-51. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   "The Birthmark."   Hawthorne's Short Stories.   Ed.   Newton Arvin.   New York: Alfred A. Knoph,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1959.   177-93. ---.   "The Minister's Black Veil."   Adventures in American Literature.   Chicago:   Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989.   256-63. ---.   "Young Goodman Brown."   The Complete Novels and Selected   Ã‚   Tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne.   Ed.   Norman Holmes Pearson.      New York: Random House, Inc., 1937.   1033-42. Winters, Yvor. "Maule's Curse, or Hawthorne and the Problem of   Ã‚   Allegory." Hawthorne. Ed. A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, New    Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. 11-24.   

Difference Between Necessity and Private Defence Essay

The two grounds of justification known as necessity and private defence are closely related. In both cases the perpetrator protects interests which are of value to her, such as life, physical integrity and property, against threatening danger. The distinctions between these two grounds of justification are the following (Snyman C.R: 2008): (1) the origin of the situation of emergency: Private defence always stems from an unlawful (and therefore human) attack; necessity, on the other hand, may stem either from an unlawful human act, or from chance circumstances, such as natural occurrences. (2) the object at which the act of defence is directed: Private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack; necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent third party or merely amounts to a violation of a legal provisio: E.G: X, who has a gun, tells Y that he kidnapped Y’s daughter and orders Y, the bank manager, to use his code to open the safe of the bank and to hand him all the money inside the safe. If Y does not do what he says he, X will kill his daughter. If Y hands him the money he will be harming the bank and therefore act in necessity. If he takes his own gun and shoot X because he knows that X lied and that his daughter is safe, he will be acting in private defence to protect this own and the interest of the bank. The distinction between necessity and private defence is also illustrated by the requirements for the successful plea of the grounds of justification (necessity and private defence). These requirements are described below: NECESSITY A person acts out of necessity – and her conduct is therefore lawful – if she acts in the protection of her own or somebody else’s life, physical integrity, property or other legally recognised interest which is endangered by a threat of harm which has already begun or is immediately threatening and which cannot be averted in any other way; provided that the person who relies on the necessity is not legally compelled to endure the danger, and the interest protected by the act of defence is not out of proportion to the interest threatened by such an act (Burchell, J:2004). This defence arises when a person is confronted with a choice between suffering an injustice and breaking the law. It is regularly used to justify actions in emergencies. One would, for instance, be able to rely on necessity against a charge of speeding when driving a person requiring urgent medical care to hospital. Requirements of Necessity (1) Some legal interest of X, such as her life, physical integrity or property must be threatened. In principle, one should also be able to protect other interests such as dignity, freedom and chastity in a situation of necessity. (2) One can also act in a situation of necessity to protect another’s interest, for example where X protects Z from being attacked by an animal. (3) The emergency must already have begun or be imminent, but must not have terminated, nor be expected in the future only. (4) Whether a person can rely on the defence of necessity if she herself is responsible for the emergency, is a debatable question. In our opinion X should not be precluded from successfully raising this defence merely because she caused the emergency herself. If she were precluded, this would mean that if, because of X’s carelessness, her baby swallowed an overdose of pills, X would not be allowed to exceed the speed limit while rushing the baby to hospital, but would have to resign herself to the child’s dying (compare the facts in Pretorius supra). The two acts, namely the creation of danger and rescue from it, should be separated. If the first act amounts to a crime X can be punished for it, for example where she sets fire to a house and then has to break out of the house to save her own life (Milton, J.R.L:1997). (5) If somebody is legally compelled to endure the danger, she cannot rely on necessity. Persons such as policemen, soldiers and firemen cannot avert the dangers inherent in the exercise of their profession by infringing the rights of innocent parties. Another aspect of this rule is that a person cannot rely on necessity as a defence if what appears to her to be a threat is in fact lawful (human) conduct. Thus it was held in Kibi 1978 (4) SA 173 (EC) that if X is arrested lawfully, he may not damage the police van in which he has been locked up, in order to escape from it. (6) The act committed in necessity is lawful only if it is the only way in which X can avert the threat or danger. Where, for example, Z orders X to kill Y and threatens to kill X if she does not obey, and it appears that X can overcome her dilemma by fleeing, she must flee, and if possible, seek police protection (Bradbury 1967 (1) SA 387 (A) 390). (7) X must be conscious of the fact that an emergency exists, and that she is therefore acting out of necessity. There is no such thing as a chance or accidental act of necessity. If X throws a brick through the window of Y’s house in order to break in, and it later appears that by so doing she has saved Z, who was sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas, from certain death, X cannot rely on necessity as a defence. (8) The harm occasioned by the defensive act must not be out of proportion to the interest threatened, and therefore X must not cause more harm than is necessary to escape the danger. It is this requirement which is the most important one in practice, and it can also be the most difficult to apply. The protected and the impaired interests are often of a different nature, for example where somebody damages another’s property in protecting her own physical integrity.

Crime in Literature

When crime features in literature, there are often many ways it is dealt with. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† by Langston Hughes, Mrs. Jones was almost robbed by a boy named Roger. Instead of calling the cops Mrs. Jones took the boy home to her house, washed, fed and gave him money to buy the sneakers that he had wanted to steal the money for. In contrast, in Roald Dahl’s â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter†, Mary kills her husband, Patrick Maloney, after he told her he is going to leave her. After killing her husband, she tricks the police that she found him dead when she came home and also tricked them into eating the leg of lamb that she killed him with.While the lesson that is taught in each literature work are far different from each other, both show that crime is treated differently in many cases. However, were as Hughes illustrates the lesson that is being taught about theft, dhal demonstrates the unexpected turn in a common crime. In both works of literature w orks, â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† and â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter†, crime is a common theme. Though in both literature works crime is conveyed differently. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† Mrs. Jones is almost robbed by a young boy Roger. But instead of calling the cops, Mrs.Jones catches him and takes him home where she taught him that stealing may not be the solution to his problems. In contrast, in â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter†, Mary Maloney kills her husband, Patrick Maloney. But instead of getting caught, she finds a way to cover her tracks. Though both themes were crime, it’s shown in different ways. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† the theme can portrayed as crime is solved by forgiveness. Mrs. Jones shows roger forgiveness which made the reader believe that roger will change his ways. In â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† the theme shows that crime can be solved by lying.Mary will not go to jail because she covered her tracks an d the cops can’t trace her to her husband’s murder. Another example of how the theme is different by the ending of each story. In the end of â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† roger leaves Mrs. Jones house changed, speechless of what just happened to him. However, in â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† Mary giggles at the end of the story. This can show that both works of literature were conveyed differently throughout each story. Therefore, this shows how he crime is common in both works of literature through to theme is different. These two examples show how the themes are different.In both works of literature, â€Å"Tank You Ma’am† and â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter†, characterization is a common influence on how each story plays out. However in each works of literature characters influence in different ways. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† Mrs. Jones helps roger realize what his wrong doing was. Therefore, Mrs. Jones influences roger t o realize what he has been doing wrong. In contrast, in â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† Mary tricks to police into eating the lamb, the weapon in Patrick murder case. This shows that Mary influence the police to believe that she did not kill her husband.In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† Mrs. Jones could be characterized as kind. It was kindness that Mrs. Jones showed Roger for him to realize his wrong doings. And yet, in â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† Mary can be characterized as manipulative. In addition, the characterization could change the seriousness of a crime. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† Roger is characterized as a minor. He was just a young boy who had potential of changing his ways. In â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† marry could be characterized, in this case, as a consequential adult. Mary was dealing with a serious crime that she had committed.This shows that even though both works of literature consist of crime, the authors illustrates a different kind of crime in each by using the characterization of each character. Roger was a kid with a chance of change, who as just committed a robbery, but in Mary’s case she as an adult that had committed a murder. Through characterization, these stories consist of a common trait, but are conveyed differently. These two examples show how the two text are different. In conclusion, throughout both works of literature, there were common traits that consist in the story that is told by convey themselves differently.In both â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† and â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† consist of crime, but in each work they convey itself differently than the others. † In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† crime was resolved by forgiveness. In â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† crime was solved by lying. Both works also consist of characterization that play out the story, but is used differently in each one. In â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† Mrs . Jones characterization help roger for the better. In â€Å"Lambs to the Slaughter† Mary’s characterization helped her for the bad. There were common trait but all was conveyed differently to create a different reaction of each literature works.

How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay Example

How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay Example How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay The chief character of How Much Land Does A adult male Need? is a clear illustration of an insatiate desire for ownerships and wealth which at the terminal destroys the individual. Pahom was populating a life free from anxiety as his married woman said and without clip to allow any nonsensical settee in his head harmonizing to Pahom’s words. As the narrative develops it reveals Pahom’s existent job was indoors him because he was neer content or please with the land and the ownerships he had. At the beginning of the narrative. Pahom was a provincial without land of his ain. working daily to back up his household and believing Our merely problem is that we haven’t land plenty. If I had plentifulness of land. I shouldn’t fear the Satan himself ; when in world the greed within Pahom lied hibernating and he was non cognizant that his desire to obtain plenty of land will necessarily rouse the monster inside him that could neer be satisfied. The first clip Pahom had a land of his ain was a farm of 40 estates. So he became a landholder. ploughing and seeding his ain land. doing hay on his ain land. cutting his ain trees. and feeding the cowss of his ain grazing land. When he went out to plow the Fieldss. or to look at his turning maize. or at his grass hayfields. his bosom would make full with joy . This farm seemed to him unlike any other land. carry throughing his dreams until he heard the narrative of a better topographic point where he will be able to hold more land of his ain. At this minute the greed in him began to blind Pahom to the simpleness of his life and to be thankful and fulfilled for what he had. The 2nd farm he acquired had 125 estates and Pahom. had three times every bit much as at his former place. and the land was good maize land. He was ten times better away than he had been. He had plentifulness of cultivable land and herbage. and could maintain as many caput of cowss as he liked. Obviously greed does non hold bounds and it is a portion of our human nature some posses a greater degree of greed than others but however greed holds no boundaries and the word plentifulness has no significance at all. I wonder what Pahom’s married woman was believing now because in the conversation she has with her sisters. she was more concerned with the enticements of the environing towns but did non see the greed lying inside her hubby that one time. fed leads to destroy. Pahom had it all but Pahom was non happy. he was non content. he was non satisfied with the land he had. His greed lead him in to a way of devastation that is best described by the dream he had the dark before his decease. He thought he was lying in that same collapsible shelter. and heard person chortling outside. He wondered who it could be. and rose and went out. and he saw the the Bashkir Chief sitting in forepart of the collapsible shelter keeping his side and turn overing about with laughter. Traveling nearer to the Chief. Pahom asked: What are you express joying at? But he saw that it was no longer the Chief. but the trader who had late stopped at his house and had told him about the land. Merely as Pahom was traveling to inquire. Have you been here long? he saw that it was non the trader. but the provincial who had come up from the Volga. long ago. to Pahom’s old place. Then he saw that it was non the provincial either. but the Devil himself with hoofs and horns. sitting at that place and chortling. and before him lay a adult male barefoot. prostrate on the land. with lone pants and a shirt on. And Pahom dreamed that he looked more attentively to see what kind of a adult male it was lying at that place. and he saw that the adult male was dead. and that it was himself! He awoke horror struck. Pahom neer had adequate land. he ever needed more to feed the insatiate greed that controlled his life. The following extract from the verse form Who Am I? written by Dietrich Bonheoffer describes better the status of Pahom’s battle: Who Am I? This or the other? Am I one individual today and tomorrow another? Americium I both at one time? A dissembler before others. And before myself a contemptibly woebegone doormat? Or is something within me still like a beaten ground forces? Fling in upset from triumph already achieved? Who am I? They mock me. these alone inquiries of mine Whoever I am. Thou knowest. O God. I am Thine. Time after clip Pahom was non able to bask the fruit of his difficult work as a consequence of the greed devouring him. As the adage says: A greedy adult male hasten after wealth and does non cognize that poorness will come upon him Proverbs 28:22 Pahom died seeking more and more land of his ain and at the terminal his retainer picked up the spade and delve a grave long plenty for Pahom to lie in. and buried him in it. Six pess from his caput to his heels was all he needed .

Atlantic Cod Information and Facts

Atlantic Cod Information and Facts The Atlantic cod was called by author Mark Kurlansky, the fish that changed the world. Certainly, no other fish was as formative in the settlement of the eastern coast of North America, and in forming the booming fishing towns of New England and Canada. Learn more about the biology and history of this fish below. Atlantic Cod Descriptive Features Cod are greenish-brown to gray on their sides and back, with a lighter underside. They have a light line that runs along their side, called the lateral line. They have an obvious barbel, or whisker-like projection, from their chin, giving them a catfish-like appearance. They have three dorsal fins and two anal fins, all of which are prominent. There have been reports of cod that were as long as 6 1/2 feet and as heavy as 211 pounds, although the cod typically caught by fishermen today are much smaller. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: GadiformesFamily: GadidaeGenus: GadusSpecies: morhua Cod are related to haddock and Pollock, which also belong to the family Gadidae. According to FishBase, the Gadidae family contains 22 species. Habitat and Distribution The Atlantic cod ranges from Greenland to North Carolina. Atlantic cod prefer waters close to the ocean bottom. They are most commonly found relatively shallow waters less than 500 feet deep. Feeding Cod feed on fish and invertebrates. They are top predators and used to dominate the ecosystem of the North Atlantic Ocean. But overfishing has caused huge changes in this ecosystem, resulting in an expansion of cod prey such as urchins (which have since been overfished), lobsters and shrimp, leading to a system out of balance. Reproduction Female cod are sexually mature at 2-3 years, and spawn in winter and spring, releasing 3-9 million eggs along the ocean bottom. With this reproductive potential, it may seem that cod should be abundant forever, but the eggs are vulnerable to wind, waves and often become prey to other marine species. Cod may live to over 20 years. Temperature dictates a young cods rate of growth, with cod growing more quickly in warmer water. Because of the cods dependence on a certain range of water temperature for spawning and growth, studies on cod have focused on how cod will respond to global warming. History Cod attracted Europeans to North America for short-term fishing trips and eventually enticed them to stay as fishermen profited from this fish that had flaky white flesh, a high protein content and low fat content.  As Europeans explored North America looking for passage to Asia, they discovered an abundance of huge cod and started fishing along the coast of what is now New England, using temporary fishing camps. Along the rocks of the New England coast, settlers perfected the technique of preserving cod through drying and salting so it could be transported back to Europe and fuel trade and business for the new colonies. As put by Kurlansky, cod had lifted New England from a distant colony of starving settlers to an international commercial power. Fishing for Cod Traditionally, cod was caught using handlines, with larger vessels sailing out to fishing grounds and then sending men in small dories to drop a line in the water and pull in cod. Eventually, more sophisticated and effective methods, such as gill nets and draggers were used. Fish processing techniques also expanded. Freezing techniques and filleting machinery eventually led to the development of fish sticks, marketed as a healthy convenience food. Factory ships started catching fish and freezing it out at sea. Overfishing caused cod stocks to collapse in many areas. Status Atlantic cod are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Despite overfishing, cod are still fished commercially and recreationally. Some stocks, such as the Gulf of Maine stock, are no longer considered overfished. Sources Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. Walker and Company, 1997, New York.Gadus morhua, Atlantic Cod. MarineBio, 2009.NMFS. Atlantic Cod. FishWatch - U.S. Seafood Facts, 2009.Brief History of the Groundfishing Industry of New England. Northeast Fisheries Science Center.

Hip-hop in Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hip-hop in Colombia - Essay Example What began as a music practice common among the economically underprivileged groups like the Latinos and the African-Americans transcended into an art form, without national boundaries in a very short time. Hip-hop in Columbia is not only viewed as a simple music form but as a media to express powerful feelings by the youth. The hip-hop music has international reach and the Columbian artists are using it efficiently to underline their plight to the world community through rapping. Hip-Hop appeared in Columbia by late 1980s shortly after the art form had established itself as a distinguished sub-culture in the US. Los Generales R&R, an Afro-Columbian group is reported to be one of the first groups to entertain Columbian music lovers already mesmerized by MC Hammer and NWA. Los Generales broke up shortly after releasing their first CD. But, they were followed by groups like Gotas de Rap and La Etina in the early 1990s paving way for steady growth of Columbian hip-hop. Both the groups were known for expressing their social concerns through their lyrics, and adapting a very independent style which served as an inspiration for the development of later Columbian hip-hop style. Their experimentation was followed by Asilo 38 band which released famous albums like La Hoguera and La Descarga, by experimenting with new controversial sound. This gave way to Puerto Rican Reggaeton style music in Columbia for a short period. Hip-Hop revived its former glory again from 2006 through the contribution of groups like ChocQuibTown. Though there are several famous hip-groups, this paper will explore about five famous groups, Ghettos Clan, Flaco Flow y Melanina, Choc Quib Town, Carbono and Voodo SoulJhas. Hip-Hop in Columbia is not just a regurgitation of US subculture. Columbian hip-hop has distinct African sounds, usage of local anecdotes, and several autochthonous music forms. Folklore based lyrics mixed with ethnic

End of Semester wrap up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

End of Semester wrap up - Essay Example The organisation that has been studied is a healthcare institution. Since healthcare involves the exchange of personal information and various other security concerns that emanate thereafter, the model for information assurance has been strategically placed with goals like training and development, as well as entrepreneurial control that will help in better orientation for the implementation of the system. Risk, in case of varied operational decisions, is seen as a focus of single determinants of behaviour arising from risk theories. (Stephenson, 2004)1 Various unresolved contradictions can be reconciled by examining the usefulness of placing risk propensity and risk proportion in a more central role than has been previously recognised through effective risk assessment programs. Based on such analysis, it is believed that the propensity of risk dominates both the actual and perceived characteristics of the situation as a determinant of risk behaviour. (Stephenson, 2004) Such an observation can safely justify the finding that suggests that apart from being central to any and every business or organisation, risk is something that entrepreneurs in general, are averse to. This can be attributed to the fact that at the end of the day, any loss of information has far reaching implications of its own and is deeply rooted in the genesis of risk taking and management. Coming back to the issue of the risk averse nature of businesses in context of the XYZ organisation, the one question we need to ask before proceeding any further is whether mere risk assessment is enough to act as a strong foundation for resolving all those difficulties arising out of risk management in case of

The Challenge of Consistency and Security Assignment

The Challenge of Consistency and Security - Assignment Example Experience has also shown that the hiring of the third-party vendor in IT, logistics management, infrastructural and technology upgrade and other functions in the organization opens the possibility of unauthorized intrusion, breach and use of such data and infrastructure. Consistency in the enforcement of protocols that maintain the integrity of IT as well as physical infrastructure is needed such as IA standard plans, policies and /or procedures governing DON, DOD, USMC and regional IT capability operation, integrity, security compliance, availability and sustainment including IP video surveillance, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), cipher locks and approved storage containers. Consistent implementation of these protocols not only to avoid data and infrastructure compromise but also to deter attempt any forms of the breach. Effective leadership and overseeing of personnel helps to avoid human inconsistency in the implementation and enforcement of security and compliance protocols. It also helped to maintain consistency in the compliance in the enforcement of protocols of security and inventory control with the implementation of Information Assurance program that does not only maintain consistency but also determines and recommend appropriate actions to improve operational effectiveness and efficiency. The challenge of consistency and security is addressed by the implementation of Information Assurance program that would not only determine and recommend appropriate actions to improve operational effectiveness and efficiency but also maintain the structural as well as data integrity consistent with the service level goals of the organization. The implementation and compliance with best practices in Logistics Management of implementing quality assurance in every node of supply chain help to maintain sound inventory. The coordination with project managers Contracting Officer’s Representatives (COR) in the design and construction of new facilities and in modernization, restoration, or sustainment projects for existing facilities ensures compliance with DoD Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) and thus helps achieve service level objective in all operational areas.  Ã‚  

Promoting effective communication Essay Example for Free

Promoting effective communication Essay Describe five factors you consider when promoting effective communication: (remember to describe is more than just identifying, this requires a sentence for each one) There are a number of factors to consider in making sure that I can promote effective communication. Statistics show that we only listen to 7% of what is verbally said, 38% the way they are said and 55% non-verbal i.e. our body language, eye contact, gestures. So it is not so much of what we say that is important but how it is said. Verbal communication: 1. Tone and Pitch I need to make sure that the way in what I say things i.e. the tone and pitch of my voice suits the conversation. I might need to raise my voice in a group of many children trying to get their attention when they playing games. Where as in a small group of children were we are doing some structured learning I would talk a bit quitter, or even reading a story I would use voices for the characters in a book, making stories more interesting and so hope to keep the children’s attention. 2. Jargon I would try and use appropriate language, for instance when I am talking to a child I need to keep things simpler so that they can understand the instructions or topic of discussion. I would also kneel down or sit at the child’s level, to make eye contact, and to be sure they understand me. But when I am talking to an adult, I should adjust and speak at the appropriate tone and pitch in not to simple terms as if they are a child otherwise it may come across patronising. Non-verbal communication: 3. Body Language, expressions and gestures My body language, facial expressions and hand gestures, needs to suit the situation or topic. For example I might give a handshake, smile and a wave to a child leaving the session. These are all friendly gestures, and I would hope to get an appropriate response like a wave and smile back. There would not necessarily been any verbal communication but we both understand that it is a friendly goodbye. However I am aware that some cultures certain gestures could be offensive. A r standing with folded arms can indicate you are closing yourself of not open to listen or want to take part in the conversations. This can portray a negative message and make others feel uncomfortable. 4. Eye Contact I also make a lot of eye contact as this engages with the person I am speaking to and keeps them and me focused on what is being said. If there is little eye contact or other distractions then you can notice that there is not 100% focus. 5. Listening I would always listen at the person talking to me as this shows that I am engaged in the conversations/discussion and can act upon anything that is asked of me. If I just nod in acknowledgement and not really listen I could miss important information. If for example a child ask to go to the toilet and I just nodded without really listening, they might wet themselves and feel embarrassed and in future not trust to ask or tell me something.

Columbus: A Great Discoverer or Villain Essay -- Christopher Columbus

Columbus: A Great Discoverer or Villain A national holiday celebrating achievements of an individual reflects a nation’s appreciation for that person’s deeds. Christopher Columbus’s Day is an official national holiday in the United States of America. However, a careful examination of Columbus’ expeditions and his methods of settlement in the so-called New World should change the nation’s opinion about the necessity of the holiday. In my way of thinking, Columbus’ arrival to the Indies has brought destruction and death. His motives, such as prosperity by means of exploiting the native population, were immoral, and therefore I cannot accept the idea of celebrating Columbus’ Day as a National Holiday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Columbus is credited with finding the new world, but did he really discover it? In my opinion, it is not possible to discover land that was already there, occupied by native people. When Columbus claimed to be a founder of the new land, he did not take in consideration a very important aspect about the existing civilization, its customs and traditions that were practiced in that area for thousands of years. Blinded by the idea of prosperity, he ignored the moral beliefs and introduced slavery as a compensation of promised numerous amounts of gold to the Spanish sovereigns. Irving Rouse, the author of the book Tainos, states: â€Å"When the crown complained about the lack of income from the colony, Columbus sent a shipload of captives to Spain to be sold as slaves in a desperate attempt to satisfy that complaint† (Rouse p.151). This serves as a perfect example of how low he thought of natives, not taking in consideration their right to live. Having established goldmines throughout the colony, Columbus found it necessary to take advantage of a local population, Tainos, as means of a cheap labor that was needed for work in goldmines. Rouse states: â€Å"When Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola in the summer of 1498, he placated Roldan by authorizing him to seize Indians in the chiefdom of Xaragua and divide them among his followers to use as forced laborers at the goldfields.† (p.153) In his point of view, Taino people deserved to be treated in such a manner, because they constantly rebelled against his rule, not realizing the fact that he was the one that intruded their way of life and caused so many innocent people to suffer. The re... ... point where we stand now. My opponents have tendency to glorify our nation despite the fact that it was build on suffering and extinction of almost entire civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to point out the misinterpretation of Columbus’ actions during the settlement in North America. His arrival to the â€Å"New World† brought along destruction and death. Columbus, after failing to comply with his promise to the King and Queen about increasing their revenues by bringing enormous amounts of gold, introduced the idea of slavery. He also became responsible for extinction of Taino population by forcing them to work in goldmines. Refusing to give up after several attempts to prosper from the â€Å"discovered land† and obvious lack of administrative ability causes even more devastating results described as genocide. After what I have said, the question, whether or not Columbus Day should be a National Holiday in the United States, should not be an issue, since honoring the man who is responsible for elimination of the whole race would be a sin. Such an example of misleading National Holiday left me with a d oubtful feeling about the origin of the rest! Columbus: A Great Discoverer or Villain Essay -- Christopher Columbus Columbus: A Great Discoverer or Villain A national holiday celebrating achievements of an individual reflects a nation’s appreciation for that person’s deeds. Christopher Columbus’s Day is an official national holiday in the United States of America. However, a careful examination of Columbus’ expeditions and his methods of settlement in the so-called New World should change the nation’s opinion about the necessity of the holiday. In my way of thinking, Columbus’ arrival to the Indies has brought destruction and death. His motives, such as prosperity by means of exploiting the native population, were immoral, and therefore I cannot accept the idea of celebrating Columbus’ Day as a National Holiday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Columbus is credited with finding the new world, but did he really discover it? In my opinion, it is not possible to discover land that was already there, occupied by native people. When Columbus claimed to be a founder of the new land, he did not take in consideration a very important aspect about the existing civilization, its customs and traditions that were practiced in that area for thousands of years. Blinded by the idea of prosperity, he ignored the moral beliefs and introduced slavery as a compensation of promised numerous amounts of gold to the Spanish sovereigns. Irving Rouse, the author of the book Tainos, states: â€Å"When the crown complained about the lack of income from the colony, Columbus sent a shipload of captives to Spain to be sold as slaves in a desperate attempt to satisfy that complaint† (Rouse p.151). This serves as a perfect example of how low he thought of natives, not taking in consideration their right to live. Having established goldmines throughout the colony, Columbus found it necessary to take advantage of a local population, Tainos, as means of a cheap labor that was needed for work in goldmines. Rouse states: â€Å"When Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola in the summer of 1498, he placated Roldan by authorizing him to seize Indians in the chiefdom of Xaragua and divide them among his followers to use as forced laborers at the goldfields.† (p.153) In his point of view, Taino people deserved to be treated in such a manner, because they constantly rebelled against his rule, not realizing the fact that he was the one that intruded their way of life and caused so many innocent people to suffer. The re... ... point where we stand now. My opponents have tendency to glorify our nation despite the fact that it was build on suffering and extinction of almost entire civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to point out the misinterpretation of Columbus’ actions during the settlement in North America. His arrival to the â€Å"New World† brought along destruction and death. Columbus, after failing to comply with his promise to the King and Queen about increasing their revenues by bringing enormous amounts of gold, introduced the idea of slavery. He also became responsible for extinction of Taino population by forcing them to work in goldmines. Refusing to give up after several attempts to prosper from the â€Å"discovered land† and obvious lack of administrative ability causes even more devastating results described as genocide. After what I have said, the question, whether or not Columbus Day should be a National Holiday in the United States, should not be an issue, since honoring the man who is responsible for elimination of the whole race would be a sin. Such an example of misleading National Holiday left me with a d oubtful feeling about the origin of the rest!

Negligence Definition Essay

A failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances. The behavior usually consists of actions, but can also consist of omissions when there is some duty to act (e.g., a duty to help victims of one’s previous conduct). OVERVIEW Primary factors to consider in ascertaining whether the person’s conduct lacks reasonable care are the foreseeable likelihood that the person’s conduct will result in harm, the foreseeable severity of harm that may ensue, and the burden of precautions to eliminate or reduce the risk of harm. See Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harm  § 3 (P.F.D. No. 1, 2005). Negligent conduct may consist of either an act, or an omission to act when there is a duty to do so. See Restatement (Second) of Torts  § 282 (1965). Five elements are required to establish a prima facie case of negligence: the existence of a legal duty to exercise reasonable care; a failure to exercise reasonable care; cause in fact of physical harm by the negligent conduct; physical harm in the form of actual damages; and proximate cause, a showing that the harm is within the scope of liability. Negligence is an actionable tort. This means that if one person’s carelessness causes an other personal injury, the injured party may sue to recover damages (money) for his or her injuries. The idea that a person can sue for negligence is a relatively new phenomenon, only about a century old. The reason for negligence’s late recognition is because common law traditionally recognized only intentional torts; that is, it held parties responsible for injuries that were the result of intentional acts. It was irrelevant that the actor did not intend to injure anyone, much less the injured party, but it only needed to be shown that the actor intended the action that caused the injury. In these cases, evidence of who caused what injury was affirmative, direct, and fairly objective. The concept of permitting someone to recover damages for injuries caused by someone’s lack of action or failure to do something was a revolutionary concept. Since its recognition as an action in tort, negligence has become a major source of very large jury awards. It is the root of all product liability cases. When  people complain about our legal system and the outrageous verdicts being awarded nowadays, they are speaking about negligence. Originally, negligence was recognized by the courts as part of the common law. Over time, as causes of action became more numerous and as damages became larger, various efforts were undertaken to limit the appeal of negligence lawsuits. The doctrine of contributory negligence eventually evolved, in some states, into a system of comparative fault that permitted recovery on a completely relative scale. Thus, in an accident one could be 90 percent at fault for one’s own personal injury and still sue to recover the 10 percent of the damages suffered that were caused by the other party.

Film Analysis: “Braveheart”

Over the past decade, Hollywood has begun to turn to history as the source of inspiration for some of its award-winning movies. Most, if not all, of these films would be promoted by the producers, directors and even actors of the film as those that are as close to historical accounts and documentations about these events and individuals. Although this may be the case, a portion of the scenes shown in movies based on events and prominent individuals in history have been included in order to add to the drama and action to the film even if the scene does not have any historical documentation to support the scene to be included.In some cases, certain parts of an otherwise historical event may also be changed in order to make it more striking and memorable to the audience. The paper will provide an analysis on the accuracy of the events presented in the Academy Award-winning movie â€Å"Braveheart† starring Mel Gibson. The paper would provide a summary of important key points prese nted in the movie. Specifically, the paper would look into the accuracy of the battles portrayed in the movie to research conducted by historians with regards to Sir William Wallace, the hero depicted in this epic movie.The paper would also look into the viability of the romantic affair between Sir William Wallace and the Princess of France and the surrounding circumstances as depicted in the movie. Summary of â€Å"Braveheart† In order to analyze the accuracy of the situations and events of the movie â€Å"Braveheart†, a summary of the movie must first be provided. The film begins in Scotland in the year 1280 AD. The death of the king of Scotland left the country without a ruler of its own as the king did not have a son to leave the kingdom to.As a result, the rulers from neighboring countries began to compete with each other for the crown and ownership of the kingdom of Scotland. The most formidable of these competitors was Edward the Longshanks, king of England. His claim over Scotland was met with hostility from the commoners of the land. In order to extinguish any retaliation on the part of the common people of Scotland, Edward the Longshanks arranged a meeting whereby each leader of the different shires of Scotland were invited to attend, allowing them to bring along only one page as their companion.Among those who have been invited was a commoner named Malcolm Wallace who decided to take his eldest son, John, with him to the meeting. They were delayed to arrive to the meeting as Malcolm had to convince his youngest son, William, that he was still too young to go to the journey with them. Upon their arrival, Malcolm Wallace had realized that his son’s persistence had saved him from walking into a trap that had been orchestrated by Edward the Longshanks. All the attendees in the supposed meetings were hung inside the cottage where the meeting was supposed to have taken place, including the women and children.William, who had tried to follow his father and brother to the meeting, saw the brutality of the scenario – a vision that had left a lasting mark to the young boy (â€Å"Braveheart†). The brutality of the scene prompted Malcolm Wallace to stir some of the leaders in the shire to attempt a violent response for what Edward the Longshanks had committed to their fellow men. Unfortunately, the effort was a failed attempt, and Malcolm and his son were killed in the battle. On the day that his father and brother were buried, his uncle, Argyle, took him into his care (â€Å"Braveheart†).The film then fast forwards to a few years later. Edward the Longshanks, in his quest to rule over all of Europe, formed an allegiance with his rival, the King of France, through the marriage of the latter’s daughter to Edward the Longshank’s son and heir to the throne. Meanwhile, in Edinburgh, the Scottish nobles had formed a council. Included in the council was the 17th Earl of Bruce named Robert, who has been considered to be the leading contender to the crown of Scotland. Among the topics that begun to concern the council was the issuance of the decree of prima nocte by Edward the Longshanks.This gave nobles who have sworn their allegiance to the King of England the privilege to sleep with any newly married common woman on the first night as a married woman. This was done in an effort to encourage more Scottish nobles to swear allegiance to the King of England which then would lead to the surety of Edward the Longshank’s hold over Scotland (â€Å"Braveheart†). It was around this time that William Wallace, now an adult, returns to the shire that he had left when he was a young orphan.He reunites himself with Hamish, his childhood friend and the young woman named Murron who, during his father and brother’s burial, offered him a flower as a sign of sympathy. Because of the prima nocte decree, William and Murron married in secret and thus allowing William the privilege that most other men in the shire had been deprived of (â€Å"Braveheart†). The turning point for the pace of the movie and the life of William Wallace occurred just a few days after his secret marriage.A soldier of the English crown attempted to force himself on the young woman, but she had fought and, through the help of William, freed herself but only for a while. She was eventually caught by the soldiers and was executed in front of the entire town as an example on what would happen to them should they try to oppose any representative of the king of England, be it a soldier or a noble since according to the nobleman, an opposition to any individual representing the king of England is an opposition to the King himself (â€Å"Braveheart†).The death of Murron and the reasoning of the noble had caused William Wallace to begin a revolution beginning in his own town. His passion and determination to rid the country of the English had made a lot of Scottish c ommoners take up arms and join him in his cause. Town after town, he and his band of men which eventually led to the joining of the forces of the Scots and the Irish, had made the townspeople consider him as a legend and tales began to spread about him (â€Å"Braveheart†).News had reached the King of England and sent his daughter-in-law, the Princess of France, as an ambassador to negotiate some form of truce and ceasefire with William Wallace, who by now had been knighted by the Council of Scots, headed by Robert the Bruce. Wallace declined the offer of Edward the Longshanks by relaying to the future queen the haunting scene that he had stumbled on when he was a boy and when the King of England first offered a truce to the people of Scotland.Not only did the Princess of France become amazed by the intelligence that Wallace had exhibited, but she also began to grow fond of him in a romantic way (â€Å"Braveheart†). When she returned to London and delivered the message of William Wallace to the king, he decided to go into war with Wallace again. This time, he was to have a larger army by tapping into the allegiances that he had formed through the years. When news of this reached William Wallace through the help of the Princess of France, Wallace went to the Council of Scots to ask them to join their cause.Initially, Robert the Bruce gave Wallace his word and so did the other members of the council. However, on the day of the battle, Wallace first experienced betrayal when he saw two of the council men that showed up with their respective armies had turned around after being bribed by the King of England, and then later when he discovered that Robert the Bruce himself was fighting alongside the King of England as well (â€Å"Braveheart†). Upon seeing the effects of his betrayal to Wallace, Robert the Bruce was overcome with guilt and as a means to try to amend for his betrayal, helped Wallace escape the battlefield.This allowed Wallace to ta ke revenge on the two noblemen who have betrayed him in the battlefield (â€Å"Braveheart†). With news of Wallace’s escape reaching the King of England, another attempt was made on his life. This plot was overheard by the Princess of France, who again warned Wallace of the assassination attempt. Unfortunately, the third time, Wallace was finally apprehended. Robert the Bruce sent word to William Wallace that he would like to talk and make amends for his previous betrayal.Still trusting the Bruce, and realizing the need for a larger army to continue the cause, Wallace went to the residence of the Bruce alone and unarmed. Unknown to both Robert the Bruce and William Wallace, the other members of the Council, through the guidance of Robert the Bruce’s father, made arrangements to hand William Wallace over to the King of England (â€Å"Braveheart†). William Wallace was tried for high treason against the King of England and was sentenced to be executed the fol lowing day. Knowing about this, the Princess of France begged for the life of William Wallace to the King of England as he lies on his deathbed.When the king refused to grant the request of the princess, she then made it known to the dying king that she was pregnant with the child of William Wallace, his mortal adversary (â€Å"Braveheart†). Wallace suffered a horrendous and slow death through a process called hung, drawn and quartered. With his last breath, he shouted with all his might the word â€Å"Freedom†, a cry that stirred the hearts of his comrades who witnessed his execution in the crowd. After he was beheaded, the body of William Wallace was cut into pieces and placed in different locations to serve as a warning to anyone who tries to go against the King of England.His head was situated on London Bridge, while his arms and legs were sent to the four corners of England. The movie ends with the narration on how instead of deterring any form of resistance towar ds the crown of England, the opposite had actually happened. In the year 1314, despite the Scottish army headed by Robert the Bruce were lacking in resources and heavily outnumbered, had won the freedom of their land from English rule in the battle that occurred on the field of Bannockburn (â€Å"Braveheart†). Analysis of the Accuracy of â€Å"Braveheart†